细胞世界（影印版）The World of the Cell（7e） 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

本书由美国威斯康星大学、密歇根大学4位教授合作编写，在世界上享有盛誉，是细胞生物学学科经典教材之一。本书在亚马逊专业教材销售排行榜长期名列前茅，读者评价较高，并被许多北美、欧洲高校教学选用。

本书编写内容全面、理念先进，并具有鲜明的教学使用特色——适当的深度与简明性、艺术化教学、多层次解答问题、力求精准的概念阐述、为提高教学与学习效率而设计的诸多辅助学习内容。

本书适合生命科学相关专业教学选用，也可供从业人员参考使用。

Brief Contents

About the Authors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Detailed Contents

1 A Preview of the Cell

2 The Chemistry of the Cell

3 The Macromolecules of the Cell

4 Cells and Organelles

5 Bioenergetics:The Flow of Energy in the Cell

6 Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life

7 Membranes:Their Structure,Function,and Chemistry

8 Transport Across Membranes:Overcoming the Permeability Barrier

9 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Glycolysis and Fermentation

10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Aerobic Respiration

11 Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:Photosynthesis

12 The Endomembrane System and Peroxisomes

13 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:I.Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neurons

14 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:II.Messengers and Receptors

15 Cytoskeletal Systems

16 Cellular Movement:Motility and Contractility

17 Beyond the Cell:Cell Adhesions,Cell Junctions,and Extracellular Structures

18 The Sturctural Basis of Cellular Information:DNA,Chromosomes,and the Nucleus

19 The Cell Cycle,DNA Replication,and Mitosis

20 Sexual Reproduction,Meiosis,and Genetic Recombination

21 Gene Expression:I.The Genetic Code and Transcription

22 Gene Expression:II.Protein Synthesis and Sorting

23 The Regulation of Gene Expression

24 Cancer Cells

Appendix:Visualizing Cells and Molecules

Glossary

Photo,Illustration,and Text Credits

Index

Detailed Contents

About the Authors

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 A Preview of the Cell

The Cell Theory:A Brief History

The Emergence of Modern Cell Biology

The Cytological Strand Deals with Cellular Structure

The Biochemical Strand Covers the Chemistry of Biological Structure and Function

The Genetic Strand Focuses on Information Flow

"Facts"and the Scientific Method

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 1A Experimmental Techniques:Units of Measurement in Cell Biology

Box 1B Further Insights:Biology,"Facts,"and the Scientific Method

2 The Chemistry of the Cell

The Importance of Carbon

Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Stable

Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Diverse

Carbon-Containing Molecules Can Form Stereoisomers

The Importance of Water

Water Molecules Are Polar

Water Molecules Are Cohesive

Water Has a High Timperature-Stabilizing Capacity

Water Is an Excellent Solvent

The Importance of Selectively Permeable Membranes

A Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer with Proteins Embedded in It

Membranes Are Selectively Permeable

The Importance of Synthesis by Polymerization

Macromolecules Are Responsible for Most of the Form and Function in Living Systems

Cells Contain Three Different Kinds of Macromolecules

Macromolecules Are Synthesized by Stepwise Polymerization of Monomers

The Importance of Self-Assembly

Many Proteins Self-Assemble

Molecular Chaperones Assist the Assembly of Some Proteins

Noncovalent Bonds and Interactions Are Important in the Folding of Macromolecules

Self-Assembly Also Occurs in Othe Cellular Structures

The Tobacco Mosaic Birus Is a Case Study in Self-Assembly

Self-Assembly Has Limits

Hierarchical Assembly Provides Advantages for the Cell

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 2A Further Insights:Tempus Fugit and Fine Art of Watchmaking

3 The Macromolecules of the Cell

Proteins

The Monomers Are Amino Acids

The Polymers Are Polypepitdes and Proteins

Several Kinds of Bonds and Interactions Are Important in Protein Folding and Stability

Protein Structure Depends on Amino Acid Sequence and Interactions

Nucleic Acids

The Monomers Are Nucleotides

The Polymers Are DNA and RNA

A DNA Molecule Is a Double-Stranded Helix

Polysaccharides

The Monomers Are Monosaccharides

The Polymers Are Storage and Structural Polysaccharides

Polysaccharide Structure Depends on the Kinds of Glycosidic Bonds Involved

Lipids

Fatty Acids Are the Building Blocks of Several Classes of Lipids

Triacylglycerols Are Storage Lipids

Phospholipids Are Important in Membrane Structure

Glycolipids Are Specialized Membrane Components

Steroids Are Lipids with a Variety of Functions

Terpenes Are Formed from Isoprene

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 3A Further Insights:On the Trail of the Double Helix

4 Cells and Organelles

Properties and Strategies of Cells

All Organisms Are Bacteria,Archaea,or Eukaryotes

Limitations on Cell Size

Eukaryotic Cells Use Organelles to Compartmentalize Cellular Function

Bacteria,Archaea,and Eukaryotes Differ from Each Other in Many Ways

Cell Specialization Demonstrates the Unity and Diversity of Biology

The Eudaryotic Cell in Overview:Pictures at an Exhibition

The Plasma Membrane Defines Cell Boundaries and Retaions Contents

The Nucleus Is the Information Center of the Eukaryotic Cell

Intracellular Membranes and Organelles Define Compartments

The Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells Contaions the Cytosol and Cytoskeleton

The Extracellular Matrix and the Cell Wall Are the "Outside "of the Cell

Viruses,Biroids,and Prions:Agents That Invade Cells

A Virus Consists of a DNA or RNACore Surrounded by a Protein Coat

Viroids Are Small,Circular RNA Molecules

Prions Are "proteinaceous Infective Particles"

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 4A Human Applications:Organelles and Human Diseases

Box 4B Further Insights:Discovering Organelles:The Importance of Centrifuges and Chance Observations

5 Bioenergetics:The Flow of Energy in the Cell

The Importance of Energy

Cells Need Energy to Drive Six Different Kinds of Changes

Organisms Obtain Energy Either from Sunlight or from the Oxidation of Chemical Compounds

Energy Flows Through the Biosphere Continuously

The Flow of Energy Through the Biosphere Is Accompanied by a Flow of Matter

Bioenergetics

To Understand Energy Flow,We Need to Understand Systems,Heat,and Work

The First Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Energy Is Conserved

The Second Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Reactions Have Directionality

Entropy and Free Energy Are Two Alternative Means of Assessing Thermodynamic Spontaneity

Understanding △G

The Equilibrium Constant Is a Measure of Directionality

△G Can Be Calculated Readily

The Standard Free Energy Change Is △G Measured Under Standard Conditions

Summing Up:The Meaning of △G'and △Go'

Free Energy Change:Sample Calculations

Life and the Steady State:Reactions That Move Toward Equilibrium Without Ever Getting There

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 5A Further Insights:Jumping Beans and Free Energy

6 Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life

Activation Energy and the Metastable State

Before a Chemical Reaction Can Occur,the Activation Energy Barrier Must Be Overcome

The Metastalbe State Is a Resule of the Activation Barrier

Catalysts Overcome the Activation Energy Barrier

Enzymes as Biological Catalysts

Most Enzymes Are Proteins

Substrate Binding,Activation,and Reaction Occur at the Active Site

Enzyme Kinetics

Most Enzymes Display Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

What Is the Meaning of Vmax and Km?

Why Are Km and Vmax Important to Cell Biologists?

The Double-Reciprocal Plot Is a Useful Means of Linearizing Kinetic Data

Determing Km and Vmax:An Example

Enzyme Inhibitors Act Irreversibly or Reversibly

Enzyme Regulation

Allosteric Enzymes Are Regulated by Molecules Other than Reactants and Products

Allosteric Enzymes Exhibit Cooperative Interactions Between Subunits

Enzymes Can Also Be Regulated be the Addition or Removal of Chemical Groups

RNA Molecules as Enzymes:Ribozymes

Summary of Key Points

Making Connetious

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 6A Further Insights:Monkeys and Peanuts

7 Membranes:Their Structure,Function,and Chemistry

The Functions of Membranes

Membranes Define Boundaries and Serve as Permeability Barriers

Membranes Are Sites of Specific Proteins and Therefore of Specific Functions

Membrane Proteins Regulate the Transport of Solutes

Membrane Proteins Detect and Transmit Electrical and Chemical Signals

Membrane Proteins Mediate Cell Adhesion and Cell-to-Cell Communication

Models of Membrane Structure:An Experimental Perspective

Overton and Langmuir:Lipids Are Important Components of Membranes

Gorter and Grendel:The Basis of Membrane Structure Is a Lipid Bilayer

Davson and Danielli:Membranes Also Contain Proteins

Robertson:All Membranes Share a Common Underlying Structure

Further Research Revealed Major Shortcomings of the Davson-Danielli Model

Singer and Nicolson:A Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins in a Fluid Lipid Bilayer

Unwin and Henderson:Most Membrane Proteins Contain Transmembrane Segments

Recent Findings Further Refine Our Understanding of Membrane Structure

Membrane Lipids:The "Fluid"Part of the Model

Membranes Contain Several Major Classes of Lipids

Thin-Layer Chromatography Is an Importangt Technique for Lipid Analysis

Fatty Acids Are Essential to Membrane Structure and Function

Membrane Asymmetry:Most Lipids Are Distributed Unequally Between the Two Monolayers

The Lipid Bilayer Is Fluid

Membranes Function Properly Only in the Fluid State

Most Organisms Can Regulate Membrane Fluidity

Lipid Rafts Are Localized Regions of Membrane Lipids That Are Involved in Cell Signaling

Membrane Proteins:The "Mosaic"Part of the Model

The Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins:Evidence from Freezi-Fracture Microscopy

Membranes Contain Integral,Peripheral,and Lipid-Anchored Proteins

Proteins Can Be Separated by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Determing the Three-Dimensional Structure of Membrane Proteins Is Becoming More Feasible

Molecular Biology Has Contributed Greatly to Our Understanding of Membrane Proteins

Membrane Proteins Have a Variety of Functions

Membrane Proteins Are Oriented Asymmetrically Across the Lipid Bilayer

Many Membrane Proteins Are Glycosylated

Membrane Proteins Vary in Their Mobility

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 7A Experimental Techniques:Revolutionizing the Study of Membrane Proteins:The Impact of Molecular Biology

8 Transport Across Membranes:Overcoming the Permeability Barrier

Cells and Transport Processes

Solutes Cross Membranes by Simple Diffusion,Facilitated Diffusion,and Active Transport

The Movement of a Solute Across a Membrane Is Determined by Its Concentration Gradient or Its Electrochemical Potential

The Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane Provides Examples of Transport Mechanisms

Simple Diffusion:Unassisted Movement Down the Gradient

Diffusion Always Moves Solutes Toward Equilibrium

Osmosis Is the Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane

Simple Diffusion Is Limited to Small,Nonpolar Molecules

The Rate of Simple Diffusion Is Directly Proportional to the Concentration Gradient

Facilitated Diffusion:Proteln-Mediated Movement Down the Gradient

Carrier Proteins and Channel Proteins Facgitate Diffusion by Different Mechanisms

Carrier Proteins Alternate Between Two Conformational States

Carrier Proteins Are Analogous to Enzymes in Their Specificity and Kinetics

Carrier Proteins Transport Either One or Two Solutes

The Erythrocyte Glucose Transporter and Anion Exchange Protein Are Examples of Carrier Proteins

Channel Proteins Facilitate Diffusion by Forming Hydrophilic Transmembrane Channels

Active Transport:Protein-Mediated Movement Up the Gradient

The Coupling of Active Transport to an Energy Source May Be Direct or Indirect

Direct Active Transport Depends on Four Types of Transport ATPases

Indirect Active Transport Is Driven by Ion Gradients

Examples of Active Transport

Direct Active Transport:The Na+/K+ Pump Maintains Electrochemical Ion Gradients

Indirect Active Transport:Sodium Symport Drives the Uptake of Glucose

The Bacteriorhodopsin Proton Pump Uses Light Energy to Transport Protons

The Energetics of Transport

For Uncharged Solutes,the △G of Transport Depends Only on the Concentration Gradient

For Charged Solutes,the △G of Transport Depends on the Electrochemical Potential

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 8A Further Insights:Osmosis:The Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane

Box 8B Human,Applications:Membrane Transport,Cystic Fibrosis,and the Prospects for Gene Therapy

9 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Glycolysis and Fermentation

Metabolic Pathways

ATP:The Universal Energy Coupler

ATP Contains Two Energy Rich Phosphoanhydride Bonds

ATP Hydrolysis Is Highly Exergonic Because of Charge Repulsion and Resonance Stabilition

ATP Is an Important Intermediate in Cellular Energy Metabolism

Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism

Biological Oxidations Usuagy Involve the Removal of Both Electrons and Protons and Are Highly Exergonic

Coenzymes Such as NAD+ Serse as Electron Acceptors in Biological Oxidations

Most Chemotrophs Meet Their Energy Needs by Oxidizing Organic Food Molecules

Glucose Is One of the Most Important Oxidizable Substrates in Energy Metabolism

The Oxidation of Glucose Is Highly Exergonic

Glucose Catabolism Yields Much More Energy in the Presence of Oxygen than in Its Absence

Based on Their Need for Oxygen,Organisms Are Aerobic,Anaerobic,or Facultative

Glycolysis and Fermentation:ATP Generation Without the Involvement of Oxygen

Glyeolysis Generates ATP by Catabolizing Glucose to Pyruvate

The Fate of Pyruvate Depends on Whether Oxygen Is Available

In the Absence of Oxygen,Pyruvate Undergoes Fermentation to Regenerate NAD+

Fermentation Taps Only a Fraction of the Substrate's Free Energy but Conserves That Energy Efficiendy as ATP

Alternative Substrates for Glycolysis

Other Sugars and Glycerol Are Also Catabolized by the Glyeolytic Pathway

Polysaccharides Are Cleaved to Form Sugar Phosphates That Also Enter the Glycolytic Pathway

Ginconeogenesis

The Regulation of Glycolysis and Ginconeogenesis

Key Enzymes in the Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Pathways Are Subject to Allosteric Regulalion

Fructose-2,6-Bisphospbate Is an Important Regulator of Glyolysis and Gluconeogenesis

Novel Roles for Glycolytic Enzymes

Summary of Key Points

Making ConneCtions

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 9A Further Insights:"What Happens to the Sugar?"

10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Aerobic Respiration

Cellular Respiration:Maximizing ATP Yieds

Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More Energy than Fermentation Does

Respiration Includes Glycolysis,Pyruvate Oxidation,the TCA Cycle,Electron Transport,and ATP Synthesis

The Mitochondrion:Where the Action Takes Place

Mitochondria Are Often Present Where the ATP Needs Are Greatest

Are Mitochondria Interconnected Networks Rather than Discrete Organelles?

The Outer and Inner Membranes Define Two Separate Compartments and Three Regions

Mitochondrial Functions Occur in or on Specific Membranes and Compartments

In Bacteria,Respiratory Functions Are Localized to the Plasma Membrane and tile Cytoplasm

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle:Oxidation in the Round

Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A by Oxidative Decar boxylation

The TCA Cycle Begins with the Entry of Acetate as Acetyl CoA

Two Oxidative Decarboxylations Then Form NADH and ReleaseCO2

Direct Generation of GTP(or ATP) Occurs at One Step in the TCA Cycle

The Final Oxidative Reactions of the TCA Cyde Generate FADH2 and NADH

Summing Up:The Products of the TCA Cycle Are CO2,ATP,NADH,and FADH2

Several TCA Cycle Enzymes Are Subject to Allosteric Regulation

The TCA Cycle Mso Plays a Central Role in the Catabolism of Fats and Proteins

The TeA Cycle Serves as a Source of Precursors tor Anabolic Pathways

The Glyoxylate Cycle Converts Acetyl CoA to Carbohydrates

Electron Transport:Electron Flow from Coenzymes to Oxygen

The Electron Transport System Conveys Electrons from Reduced Coenzymes to Oxygen

The Electron Transport System Consists of Five Kinds of Carriers

The Electron Carriers Function in a Sequence Determined by Their Reductkm Potentials

Most of the Carriers Are Organized into Four Large Respiratory CompIexes

The Respiratory Complexes Move Freely Within the Inner Membrane

The Electrochemical Proton Gradient:Key to Energy Coupling

Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis Are Coupled Events

The Chemiosmotic Model:The "Missing Link" Is a Proton Gradient

Coenzyme Oxidation Pumps Enough Protons to Form 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2

The Cbemiosmotie Model Is Affirmed by an Impressive Array of Evidence

ATP Synthesis:Putting It All Together

F1 Particles Have ATP Synthase Activity

The F0F1 Complex:Proton Translocation Through F0 Drives ATP Synthesis by F1

ATP Synthesis by P0P1 Involves Physical Rotation of the Gamma Subunit

The Chemiosmotic Model involves Dynamic Transmembrane Proton Traffic

Aerobic Respiration:Summing It All Up

The Maximum ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration Is 36-38 ATPs per Glucose

Aerobic Respiration [s a Highly Efficient Process

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 10A Further InsightS:The Glyoxylate Cycle,Glyoxysomes,and Seed Germination

11 Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:Photosynthesis

An Overview of Photosynthesis

The Energy Transduction Reactions Convert Solar Energy to Chemical Energy

The Carbon Assimilation Reactions Fix Carbon by Reducing Carbon Dioxide

The Chloroplast Is the Photosynthetic Organege in Eukaryotic Cells

Chloroplasts Are Composed of Three Membrane Systems

Photosynthetic Energy Transduction I:Light Harvesting

Chlorophyll Is Life's Primary Link to Sunlight

Accessory Pigments Further Expand Access to Solar Energy

Light-Gathering Molecules Are Organized into Photosystems and Light-Harvesting Complexes

Oxygenic Phototrophs Have Two Types of Photosystems

Photosynthetic Energy Transduction ll:NADPH Synthesis

Photosystem II Transfers Electrons from Water to a Plastoquinone

The Cytochrome b6/fComplex Transfers Electrons from a Plastoquinol to Plastocyanin

Photosystem 1 Transfers Electrons from Plastocyanin to Ferredoxin

Ferredoxin NADP+ Reductase Catalyzes the Reduction of NADP+

Photosynthetic Energy Transduetion III:ATP Synthesis

The ATP Synthase Complex Couples Transport of Protons Across the Thylakoid Membrane to ATP Synthesis

Cyclic Photophosphorylation Allows a Photosynthetic Cell to Balance NADPH and ATP Synthesis

A Summary of the Complete Energy Transduction System

Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation 1:The Calvin Cyde

Carbon Dioxide Enters the Calvin Cycle by Carboxylation of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate

3-Phosphoglycerate is Reduced to Form Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

Regeneration of Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate Allows Continuous Carbon Assimilation

The Complete Calvin Cycle and Its Relation to Photosynthetic Energy Transduction

Regulation of the Calvin Cycle

The Calvin Cycle Is Highly Regulated to Ensure Maximum Efficiency

Regulation of Rubisco Carbon Fixation by Rubisco Activase

Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation II:Carbohydrate Synthesis

Glucose-l-Phosphate fs Synthesized from Triose Phosphates

The Biosynthesis of Sucrose Occurs in the Cytosol

The Biosynthesis of Starch Occurs in the Chloroplast Stroma

Photosynthesis Also Produces Reduced Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds

Rubisco's Oxygenase Activity Decreases Photosynthetic Efficiency

The Glyzolate Pathway Returns Reduced Carbon from Phosphoglyzolate to the Calvin Cycle

C4 Plants Minimize Photorespiration by Confining Rubisco to Cells Containing High Concentrations of CO2

CAM Plants Minimize Photorespiration and Water Loss by Opening Their Stomata Ouly at Night

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 11A Further insights:The Endosymbiont Theory and the Evolution of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts from Ancient Bacteria

Box 11B Further InsightS:A Photosynthetic Reaction Center from a Purple Bacterium

12 The Endomembrane Systemand Peroxisomes

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Two Basic Kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum Differ in Structure and Function

Rough ER Is Involved in the Biosynthesis and Processing of Proteins

Smooth ER Is Involved in Drug Detoxification,Carbohydrate Metabolism,Calcium Storage,and Steroid Biosynthesis

The ER Plays a Central Role in the Biosynthesis of Membranes

The Golgi Complex

The Golgi Complex Consists of a Series of Membrane-Bounde Cisternae

Two Models Depict the Flow of Lipids and Proteins Through the Golgi Complex

Roles of the ER and Golgi Complex in Protein Glycosylation

Roles of the ER and Golgl Complex in Protein Trafficking

ER-Specific Proteins Contain Retention and Retrieval Tags

Golgi Complex Proteins May Be Sorted According to the Lengths of Their Membrane-Spanning Domains

Targeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes and Lysosomes Is a Model for Protein Sorting in the TGNTargeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes and Lysosomes Is a Model for Protein Sorting in the TGN

Secretory Pathways Transport Molecules to the Exterior of the Cell

Exocytosis and Endocytosis:Transporting Material Across the Plasma Membrane

Exocytosis Releases Intracellular Molecules to the Extracellular Medium

Endocytosis Imports Extracellular Molecules by Forming Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane

Coated Vesicles in Cellular Transport Processes

Clathrin-Coated Vesicles Are Surrounded by Lattices Compose of Clathrin and Adaptor Protein

The Assembly of Clathrin Coats Drives the Formation of Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane and TGN

COPI-and COPll-Coated Vesicles Travel Between the ER and Golgi Complex Cisternae

SNARE Proteins Mediate Fusion Between Vesicles and Target Membranes

Lysosomes and Cellular Digestion

Lysosomes Isolate Digestive Enzymes from the Rest of the Cell

Lysosomes Develop from Endosomes

LysosomalEnzymes Are Important for Several Different Digestive Processes

Lysosomal Storage Diseases Are Usually Characterized by the Accumulation of Indigestible Material

The Plant Vacuole:A Multifunctional Organelle

Peroxisomes

The Discovery of Peroxisomes Depended on Innovations in Equilibrium Density Centrifugation

Most Peroxisomal Functions Are Linked to Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism

Plant Cells Contain Types of Peroxisomes Not Found in Animal Cells

Peroxisome Biogenesis Occurs by Division of Preexisting Peroxisomes

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 12A Experimental Techniques:Centrifugation:An Indispensable Tehnique of Cell Biology

Box 12B Human Applications:Cholesterol,the LDL Receptor,and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

13 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:I.Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neurons

Neurons

Neurons Ate Specially Adapted for the Transmission of Electrical Signals

Understanding Membrane Potential

The Resting Membrane Potential Depends on Differing Concentrations of ions Inside and Outside the Neuron

The Nernst Equation Describes the Relationship Between Membrane Potential and Ion Concentration

Steady State Concentrations of Common tons Affect Resting Membrane Potential

The Goldman Equation Describes the Combined Effects of Ions on Membrane Potential

Electrical Excitability

Ion Channels Act Like Gates for the Movement of tons Through the Membrane

Patch Clamping and Molecular Biological Techniques Allow the Activity of Single Ion Channels to Be Monitored

Specific Domains of Voltage-Gated Channels Act as Sensors and Inactivators

TheAction Potential

Action Potentials Propagate Electrical Signals Along an Axon

A,tion Potentials Involve Rapid Changes in the Membrane Potential of the Axon

Action Potentials Result from the Rapid Movement of Ions Through Axonal Membrane Channels

Action Potentials Are Propagated Along the Axon Without Loalng Strength

The Myelin Sheath Acts Like an Electrical Insulator Surrounding the Axon

Synaptic Transrnission

Neurotransmitters Relay Signals Across Nerve Synapses

Elevated Calcium Levels Stimulate Secretion of Neurotransmitters from Presynaptic Neurons

Secretion of Neurotransmitters Requires the Docking and Fusion of Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Neurotransmgters Are Detected by Specific Receptors on Postsypaptic Neurons

Neurotransmitters Must Be Inactivated Shortly After Their Release

Integration and Processing of Nerve Signals

Neurons Can Integrate Signals from Other Neurons Through Both Temporal and Spatial Summation

Neurons Can Integrate Both Excitatory and Inhibitory Signals from Other Neurons

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 13A Human Applications:Poisoned Arrows.Snake Bites,and Nerve Gases

14 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:II,Messengers and Receptors

Chemical Signals and Cellular Receptors

Different Types of Chemical Signals Can Be Received by Cells

Receptor Binding Involves Specific Interactions Between Ligands and Their Receptors

Receptor Binding Activates a Sequence of Signal Transduction Events Within the Cell

G Protein-Linked Receptors

Seven Membrane Spanning Receptors Act via G Proteins

Cyclic AMP Is a Second Messenger Whose Production is Regulated by Some G Proteins

Disruption of G Protein Signaling Causes Several Human Diseases

Many G Proteins Use lnositol Trisphosphate and Diacylglycerol as Second Messengers

The Release of Calcium Ions Is a Key Event in Many Signaling Processes

Nitric Oxide Couples G Protein Linked Receptor Stimulation in Endothelial Cells to Relaxation of Smooth Muscle ells in Blood Vessels

The βγ Subunits of G Proteins Can Also Transduce Signals

Protein Kinase-Associated Receptors

Growth Factors Often Bind Protein Kinase Associated Receptors

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Aggregate and Undergo Autophosphorylation

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Initiate a Signal Transduction Cascade Involving Ras and MAP Kinase

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Activate a Variety of Other Signaling Pathways

Scaffolding Complexes Can Facilitate Cell Signaling

Dominant Negative Mutant Receptors Are Important Tools for Studying Receptor Function

Other Growth Factors Transduce Their Signals via Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases

Disruption of Growth Factor Signaling Can Lead to Cancer

Growth Factor Receptor Pathways Share Common Themes

Hormonal Signaling

Hormones Can Be Classified by the Distance They Travel and by Their Chemical ProperBes

Control of Glucose Metabolism Is a Good Example of Endocrine Regulation

Insulin Affects Several Signaling Pathways to Regulate Resting Glucose Levels

Cell Signals and Apoptosis

Apoptosis Is Triggered by Death Signals or Withdrawal of Surival Factors

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 14A Experimental Techniques:Using Genetic Model Systems to Study Cell Signaling

15 Cytoskeletal Systems

Major Structural Elements of the Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotes Have Three Basic Types of Cytoskeletal Elements

Bacteria Have Cytoskeletal Systems That Are Structurally Similar to Those in Eukaryotes

The Cytoskeleton Is Dypamicallg Assembled and Disassembled

Microtubules

Two Types of Microtubules Are Responsible for Many Functions in the Cell

Tubufin Heterndimers Are the Protein Building Blocks of Microtubules

Microtubules Can Form as Singlets,Doublets,or Triplets

Microtubules Form by the Addition of Tubulin Dimers at Their Ends

Addition of Tubulin Dimers Occurs More Quickly at the Flus Ends of Microtubules

Dr ugs Can Affect the Assembly o f Microtubules

GTP Hydrolysis Contributes to the Dynamic Instability of Microtubules

Microtubifies Originate from Microtubule Organizing Centers Within the Cell

MTOCs Organize and Polarize the Mierot ubules Within Cells

Microtubule Stability Is Tightly Regulated in CelLs by a Variety of Microtubile-Binding Proteins

Microfilaments

Actin Is the Protein Building Block of Microfilaments

Different Types of Actin Are Found in Cells

G-Actin Monomers Polymerize into F Actin Microfilaments

Specific Drugs Affect Polymerization of Microflaments

Ceils Can Dynamically Assemble Actin into a Variety of Structures

AcBn Binding Proteins Regulate the Polymerization,Length,and Organization of Microfilaments

Cell Signagng Regulates Where and When Actin Based Structures Assemble

Interediate Filaments

Intermediate Filament Proteins Are Tissue Specific

Intermediate Filaments Assemble from Fibrous Subunits

Intermediate Filaments Confer Mechanical Strength on Tissues

The Cytoskeleton Is a Mechanically Integrated Structure

Summary of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 15A Human Applications:Infectious Microorganisms Can Move Within Ceils Using Actin "Tails"

16 Cellular Movement:Motility and Contractility

Motile Systems

Intracellular Microtubule-Based Movement:Kinesin and Dynein

MT Motor Proteins Move OrganeUes Along Microt ubules DuringAxonal Transport

Motor Proteins Move Along Microtubules by Hydrolyzing ATP

Kinesins Are a Large Family of Proteins with Varying Structures and Functions

Dyneins Can Be Grouped into Two Major Classes:Axonemal and Cytoplasmic Dyneins

Microtubule Motors Are Involved in Shaping the Endomembrane System and Vesicle Transport

Microtubule-Based Motility:Cilia and Flagella

Cilia and Flagella Are Common Motile Appendages of Eukaryotic Cegs

Cilia and Flagella Consist of an Axoneme Connected to a Basal Body

Microtubule Sliding Within the Axoneme Causes Cilia and Flagega to Bend

Actin-Based Cell Movernent:The Myosins

Myosins Are a Large Family of Actin Based Motors with Diverse Roles in Cell Motility

Many Myosins Move Along Actin Filaments in Short Steps

Filament-Based Movement in Muscle

Skeletal Muscle Cells Contain Thin and Thick Filaments

Sarcomeres Contain Ordered Arrays of Actin,Myosin,and Accessory Proteins

The Sliding Filament Model Explains Muscle Contraction

Cross Bridges Hold Filaments Together,and ATP Powers Their Movement

The Regulation of Muscle Contraction Depends on Calcium

The Coordinated Contraction of Cardiac Muscle Ceils Involves Electrical Coupling

Smooth Muscle Is More Similar to Nonmuscle Cells than to Skeletal Muscle

Actin-Based Motility in Nonmusde Cells

Cell Migration via Lamegipodia Involves Cycles of Protrusion,Attachment,Translocation,and Detachment

Chemotaxis Is a Directional Movement in Response to a Graded Chemical Stimulus

Amoeboid Movement Involves Cycles of Gelation and Solation of the Aciln Cytoskeleton

Aciln-Based Motors Move Components Within the Cytoplasm of Some Cells

Summarty of Key Points

Making Connections

Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 16A Human Applications:Cytoskeletaf Motor Proteins and Human Disease

17 Beyond the Cell:Cell Adhesions,Cell Junctions,and Extracellular Structures

Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion

Transmemhrane Proteins Mediate Cell Cell Adhesion

Carhohyd rate Groups Are Important in Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion

Cell-Cell Junctions

Adhesive Junctions Link Adjoining Ceils to Each Other

Tight Junctions Prevent the Movement of Molecules Across Cell Layers

Gap Junctions Allow Direct Electrical and Chemical Communication Between Cells

The Extracellular Matrix of Animal Ceils

Collagens Are Responsible for the Strength of the Extracellular Matrix

A Precursor Called Procoilagen Forms Many Types of Tissue-Specific Collagens

Elastins Impart Elasticity and Flexibility to the Extraceilular Matrix

Collagen and Elastin Fibers Are Embedded in a Matrix of Proteoglycans

Free Hyaluronate Lubricates Joints and Facilitates Cell Migration

Adhesive Glycoprateins Anchor Cegs to the Ext racel

WAYNE M.BECKER taught cell biology at the University of Wisconsin Madison,for 30 years until his recent retirement.His interest in textbook writing grew out of notes,outlines,and problem sets that he assembled for his students,culminating in Energy and the Living Cell,a paperback text on bioenergetics pubfished in 1977,and The World of the Cell,the first edition of which appeared in 1986.He earned all his degrees at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.All three degrees are in biochemistry,an orientation that is readily dis-cernible in his textbooks.His research interests have been in plant molecular biology,focused specifically on the regulatinn of theexpression of genes that encode enzymes of the photorespiratorypathway.His interests in teaching,learning,and research have taken him on sabbatical leaves at Harvard University,Edinburgh University,the University of Indonesia,the University of Puerto Rico,Canterbury University in Christchurch,New Zealand,the Chinese University of Hong Kong,and the Charles University in Prague.His honors include a Chancellor's Award for Distin-gnished Teaching,Guggenheim and Pulbright Fellowships,and a Visiting Scholar Award from the Royal Society of London.

LEWIS J.KLEINSMITH is an Arthur F.Thurnau Professor Emeritus of Molecular,Cellular,and Developmental biology at the University of Michigan,where he has served on the faculty since receiving his Ph.D.from Rockefeller University in 1968.His teaching experiences have involved courses in introductory biology,cell biology,and cancer biology,and his research interests have included studies of growth control in cancer cells,the role of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotic gene regulation,and the control of gene expression during development.Amonghis numerous publications,he is the author of Principles of Cancer Biology as well as several award winning educational software programs.His honors include a Guggenheim Feblowship,the Henry Russell Award,a Michigan Distinguished Service Award,citations for outstanding teaching from the Michigan Students Association,an NIH Plain Language Award,and a Best Curriculum innovafion Award from the EDUCOM Higher Education Software Awards Competition.

JEFF HARDIN is a Professor in the Zoology Department at the University of Wisconsln-Madlson.His research interests center on how cells migrate and adhere to one another to change the shape of ainmal embryos.Dr.Hardin's teaching is enhanced by his extensive use of videomicroscopy and his Web based teaching materials,which areused on many campuses in the United States and other countries.As part of his interest in teaching biology,Dr.Hardin has been involved in several teaching initiatives.He was a founding member of the University of Wisconsin Teaching Academy and a cofounder of a Univer-sity of Wisconsin system wide instructional technology initiative known as BioWeh.He is currently thcudy directorof the Biology Core Curriculum,a four-semester honors biology sequence for undergraduates.His teaching award sinclude a Lily Teaching Fellowship and a National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award.He is also on theeditorial board of CBE: Life Sciences Education.

GREGORY PAUL BERTONI,the newest member of the author team,has been active in teaching and research for over 20 years.He earned a Ph.D.in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the University of Wisconsin Madison,where his teaching experiences included introductory and graduate level biochemistry,sophomore cell biology,and plant physiology.He also helped to develop a new course entitled "Ways of Knowing" designed to introduce entering,freshmen to the learning process itself.His puhdshed research includes studies in bacterial pathogenesis,plant-microbe interactions,and plant gene expression.He is currently teaching biology and medical microbiology at Columbus State Community College in Columbus,Ohio,where he has just been nominated for a Distinguished Teaching Award.In addition,Dr.Bertoni is a freelance scientific writer who has contributed to text- and web based projects in biology,physics,and microbiology.He is also a science editor for The Plant Cell,a leading research journal in plant biology and molecular biology.

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《细胞世界(影印版)(英文版)》由美国威斯康星大学、密歇根大学4位教授合作编写，在世界上享有盛誉，是细胞生物学学科经典教材之一。在亚马逊专业教材销售排行榜长期名列前茅，读者评价较高，并被许多北美、欧洲高校教学选用。 《细胞世界(影印版)(英文版)》编写内容全面、理念先进，并具有鲜明的教学使用特色——适当的深度与简明性、艺术化教学、多层次解答问题、力求精准的概念阐述、为提高教学与学习效率而设计的诸多辅助学习内容。

《细胞世界(影印版)(英文版)》适合生命科学相关专业教学选用，也可供从业人员参考使用。